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Learn about the Latest Enterprisy Updates to knife-cloudstack!

Opscode’s Chef is open-source systems integration framework built specifically for automating the cloud. Knife is a powerful CLI that is used by administrators to interact with Chef. It is easily extensible to support provisioning of cloud resources. There is currently support for over 15 cloud providers including Amazon EC2, Rackspace, Openstack and Cloudstack. Ever since the acquisition of Cloud.com by Citrix, Cloudstack (now re-christened as Citrix CloudPlatform) is being actively morphed into a more enterprise-focused product with support for Production-grade networking appliances like the Netscalar suite, F5 Big IP, Cisco Nexus 1000V and networking features like InterVLAN communication and Site-to-Site VPN. Continuing in the spirit, the Knife Cloudstack plugin has recently received major updates that are targeted towards enterprises using Cloudstack/Cloudplatform in private environments: Microsoft Windows Server bootstrapping: Microsoft Windows Server is widely used across Enterprises to host a variety of critical internal and external applications including Microsoft Exchange, Sharepoint, CRM. We have added support to easily bootstrap provision and bootstrap Windows machines via the WinRM protocol with ability to use both Basic and Kerberos modes of Authentication. Support for Projects: Cloudstack Projects is one of the widely used feature in Enterprises allowing BUs to isolate their compute, networking and storage resources for better chargeback, billing and management of resources. The plugin now supports the ability to spawn servers, choose networks and allocate IP addresses in specific projects. Choose between Source NAT and Static NAT: Enterprises host certain Applications for their customers, partners or employees on public IP addresses. Hence they prefer to use static NAT (IP forwarding, EC2 Style) rather than Source NAT (Port Forwarding) for increased security and control. Enabling static NAT is as simple as setting a flag. Ability to choose networks: Typically enterprises prefer isolating different types of traffic on different networks. eg. VoIP traffic on a higher QoS networks, separate storage/backup networks and so on. The plugin now adds the ability spawn virtual machines as well as allocate public IP addresses from specific networks. Sample Examples: Windows Bootstrapping knife cs server create --cloudstack-service 'Medium Instance' --cloudstack-template 'w2k8-basic' --winrm-user 'Administrator --winrm-password 'xxxx' --winrm-port 5985 --port-rules "3389:3389:TCP" --bootstrap-protocol winrm --template-file windows-chef-client-msi.erb knife cs server create --cloudstack-service "Medium Instance" --cloudstack-template "w2k8-with-AD" --kerberos-realm "ORG_WIDE_AD_DOMAIN" --winrm-port 5985 --port-rules "3389:3389:TCP" --bootstrap- protocol winrm --template-file windows-chef-client-msi.erb Support for Projects and Static NAT knife cs server create --cloudstack-service 'Medium Instance' --cloudstack-template 'w2k8-basic' --cloudstack-project 'Engg-Dev' --winrm-user 'Administrator --winrm-password 'Fr3sca21!' -- static-nat --port-rules "3389:TCP" --bootstrap-protocol winrm Choose specific networks: knife cs server create "rhel-node-1" --node-name "rhel-node-1" -T "RHEL 5.7-x86" --bootstrap-protocol ssh --ssh-user root --ssh-password **** --service "Small Instance" --networks "Admin-Default" --port-rules '22:tcp' The plugin is available to download from the source at: knife-cloudstack Update: knife-cloudstack-0.0.13 has released to rubygems.org with these changes. gem install knife-cloudstack for the latest

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Learn how to automate cloud infrastructure with ceph storage

The success of virtual machines (VM) is well known today with its mass adoption everywhere. Today we have well-established workflows and tool sets to help manage VM life cycles and associated services. The proliferation and growth of this cycle, ultimately led to cloud deployments. Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud Engines are a few of the dozens of service providers today, who offer terms and services that make provisioning VMs anywhere easier. Both with the proliferation of cloud providers and the scale of cloud, comes today’s newer set of problems. Configuration management and provisioning of those VMs has become a nightmare. While one side of physical infrastructure dependency has been virtually eliminated it has resulted in another domain of configuration management of those VMs (and clusters) that needs to be addressed. A slew of tool sets came out to address them. Chef, Puppet, Ansible, Salt- Stack are widely known and used everywhere. SaltStack being the latest entrant to this club. Given our Python background, we look at SaltStack as a Configuration Management tool. We also used another new entrant Terraform for provisioning VMs needed in the cluster, and bootstrapping them to run Saltstack.IntroductionWith a proliferation of cloud providers providing Infrastructure as a service, there has been a constant innovation to deliver more. Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud Engine are to name a few here. This has resulted in Platform as a Service model, where in not just the infrastructure is managed, but more tools/workflows were defined to enable application development and deployment easier. Google App Engine was one of the earliest success stories here. Nevertheless, for any user of these cloud platform resulted in several headaches.Vendor lock-in of technologies since services and interfaces for cloud are not a standard.Re-creation of platform from development to elsewhere was a pain.Migration from one cloud provider to another was nightmare.The need for the following requirements, flow from earlier pain points and dawned on everyone using cloud deployments:A Specification for infrastructure so it can be captured and restored as need be. By infrastructure we do consider a cluster of VMs and associated services. So network configuration, high availability and other services as dictated by the service provider had to be captured.A way for the bootstrap logic and configuration on those infrastructure needs to be captured.And configuration captured should ideally be agnostic to the cloud provider.All of this, in a tool that is understood by everyone, so its simple and easily adaptable are major plus.When I looked at the suite of tools, Ruby, Ruby on Rails were alien to me. Python was native. Saltstack had some nice features that we could really consider. If Saltstack can bootstrap and initialize resources, Terraform can help customize external environments as well. Put them to work together and we do see a great marriage on the cards. But will they measure up? Let us brush through some of their designs and get to a real life scenario and see how they scale up indeed.2 Our Cloud Toolbox2.1 TerraformTerraform is a successor to Vagrant from the stable of Hashicorp. Vagrant brought spawning of VMs to developers a breeze. The key tenets of Vagrant that made it well loved are its ability to perform lightweight, reproducible and portable environments. Today, the power of Vagrant is well known. As I see it, the need for bootstrapping a distributed cluster applications was not easily doable with it. So we have Terraform from the same makers, who understood the limitations of Vagrant and enabled it to achieve bootstrapping clustered environments easier. Terraform defines extensible providers, that encapsulates connectivity information specific to each cloud provider. Terraform defines resources that encapsulate services from each cloud provider. And each resource could be extended by one or more provisioners. Provisioner has the same concept as in Vagrant but is much more extensible. Provisioner in Vagrant can only provision newly created VMs. But here enters the power of Terraform.Terraform has support for local-exec and remote-exec, through which one can automate extensible scripts through them either locally or on remote ma- chines. As the name implies, local-exec, runs locally on the node where the script is invoked, while remote-exec executes in the targeted remote machine. And several property of the new VM are readily available. And additional custom attributes can be defined through output specification as well. Ad- ditionally, there exists a null-resource, which is pseudo resource along with explicit dependencies support that transforms Terraform to a powerhouse. All of these provide much greater flexibility with setting up complex environments outside of just provisioning and bootstrapping VMs.A better place to understand Terraform in all its glory would be to visit their doc page \cite{Terraform}: [3].2.2 SaltStackSaltStack is used to deploy, manage and automate infrastructure and applica- tions at cloud scale. SaltStack is written over Python and uses Jinja template engine. SaltStack is architect-ed to have a Master node and one or more Minion nodes. Multiple Master Nodes can also be setup to create a High Available environment. SaltStack brings some newer terminology with it that needs some familiarity. But once it is understood, it is fairly easy to use it to suit our pur- pose. I shall briefly touch upon SaltStack here, and would rightly point to their rich source of documentation here \cite{SaltStack}: [4].To put it succinctly, Grains are read-only key-value attributes of Minions. All Minions export their immutable attributes to SaltMaster as Grains. As an example, one can find cpu speed, cpu make, cpu cores, memory capacity, disk capacity, os flavor, version, network cards and many more all available part of that nodes Grains. Pillar is part of SaltMaster, holding all customization needed over the cluster. Configuration kept part of Pillar can be targeted to minions, and only those minions will have that information available. To help with an example, using Pillar one can define two sets of users/groups to be configured on nodes in the cluster. Minion nodes that are part of Finance do- main, will have one set of users applied, while those part of Dev domain will have another set. User/Group definition is defined once in the SaltMaster as a Pillar file, and can be targeted based on Minion nodes domainname, part of its Grain. Few other examples would be package variations across distributions can be handled easily. Any Operations person can easily relate to nightmare for automating a simple request to install Apache Webserver on any Linux dis- tribution (Hint: the complexity lies in the non-standard Linux distributions). Pillar is your friend in this case. All of this configuration part of either Pil- lar or Salt State are confusingly though written in the same file format(.sls) and are called Salt States. These Salt State Files (.sls) specify the configura- tion to be applied either explicitly, or through Jinja templating. A top level state file at both Pillar [default location: /srv/pillar/top.sls] and State [default location: /srv/state/top.sls] exists, wherein targeting of configuration can be accomplished.3 Case StudyLet us understand the power of Terraform and SaltStack together in action, for a real life deployment. Ceph is an open source distributed storage cluster. Needless to say, setting up Ceph cluster is a challenge even with all the documents available \cite{Ceph Storage Cluster Setup}: [6]. Even while using ceph-deploy script, one needs to satisfy pre-flight pre-requisites before it can be used. This case study shall first setup a cluster with prerequisites met and then use ceph-deploy over it, to bring up the ceph cluster.Let us try to use the power of tools we have chosen and summarize our findings while setting up Ceph Cluster. Is it really that powerful and easy to create and replicate the environment anywhere? Let us find out.We shall replicate a similar setup as provided in the ceph documentation[Figure: 1]. We shall have 4 VM nodes in the cluster, ceph-admin, ceph-monitor-0, ceph-osd-0 and ceph-osd-1. Even though in our cluster, we have only a single ceph-monitor node, I have suffix’d it with an instance number. This is to allow later expansion of monitors as needed, since ceph does allow multiple monitor nodes too. It is assumed that the whole setup is being created from ones personal desktop/laptop environment, which is behind a company proxy and cannot act as SaltMaster. We shall use Terraform to create the needed VMs and bootstrap them with appropriate configuration to run either as Salt Master or Salt Minion. ceph-admin node shall act as a Salt Master Node as well and hold all configuration necessary to install, initialize and bring up the whole cluster.3.1 Directory structureWe shall host all files in the below directory structure. This structure is assumed in scripts. The files are referenced below in greater details.We shall use DigitalOcean as our cloud provider for this case study. I am assuming the work machine is signed up with DigitalOcean to enable automatic provisioning of systems. I will use my local workmachine to this purpose. To work with DigitalOcean and provision VMs automatically, there are two steps involved.Create a Personal Access Token(PAN), which is a form of authentication token to enable auto provisioning resources. \cite{DigitalOceanPAN}:[7]. The key created has to saved securely, as it cannot be recovered again from their console.Use the PAN to add the public key of local workmachine to enable auto lo- gin into newly provisioned VMs easily \cite{DigitalOceanSSH}:[8]. This is necessary to allow passwordless ssh sessions, that enable further cus- tomization auto-magically on those created VMs.The next step is to define these details part of terraform, let us name this file provider.tf.variable "do_token" {} variable "pub_key" {} variable "pvt_key" {} variable "ssh_fingerprint" {} provider "digitalocean" { token = "${var.do_token}" }The above defines input variables that needs to be properly setup for provision- ing services with a particular cloud provider. do token is the PAN obtained during registration from DigitalOcean directly. The other three properties are used to setup the VMs provisioned to enable auto login into them from our local workmachine. The ssh fingerprint can be obtained by running ssh-keygen as below.user@machine> ssh-keygen -lf ~/.ssh/myrsakey.pub 2048 00:11:22:33:44:55:66:77:88:99:aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff /home/name/.ssh/myrsakey.pub (RSA)The above input variables, can be assigned values in a file, so they will be automatically initialized instead of requesting end users every time scripts are invoked. The special file which Terraform looks for initializing the input vari- ables are terraform.tfvars. Below would be a sample content of that file.do_token="07a91b2aa4bc7711df3d9fdec4f30cd199b91fd822389be92b2be751389da90e" pub_key="/home/name/.ssh/id_rsa.pub" pvt_key="/home/name/.ssh/id_rsa" ssh_fingerprint="0:11:22:33:44:55:66:77:88:99:aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff"The above settings should ensure successful connection with DigitalOcean cloud provider and enable one to provision services through automation scripts.3.2 Ceph-AdminNow let us spawn and create a VM to act as our Ceph-Admin node. For each node type, let us create a separate terraform file to hold the configuration. It is not a must, but it helps keep sanity while perusing code and is self-explanatory.For Ceph-Admin we have captured bootstrapping part of Terraform config- uration. While the rest of the nodes configuration is captured part of Salt state files. It is possible to run salt minion in Ceph-Admin node as well, and ap- ply configuration. We instead chose Terraform for bootstrapping Ceph Admin totally, to help us understand both ways. In either case, the configuration is cap- tured part of spec and is readily replicable anywhere. The power of Terraform is just not with configuration/provisioning of VMs but external environments as well.The Ceph-Admin node, shall not only satisfy Ceph cluster installation pre- requisites, but have Salt Master running on it as well. It shall have two users defined, cephadm with sudo privileges over the entire cluster, and demo user. The ssh keys are generated everytime the cluster is provisioned without caching and replicating the keys. Also the user profile is replicated on all nodes in the cluster. The Salt configuration and state files have to setup additionally. Setting up this configuration file based on the attributes of the provisioned cluster has a dependency here. This dependency is very nicely handled through Terraform by their null resources and explicit dependency chains.3.2.1 admin.tf – Terraform ListingBelow is listed admin.tf that holds configuration necessary to bring up ceph- admin node with embedded commentscomments# resource maps directly to services provided by cloud providers. # it is always of the form x_y, wherein x is the cloud provider and y is the targeted service. # the last part that follows is the name of the resource. # below initializes attributes that are defined by the cloud provider to create VM. resource "digitalocean_droplet" "admin" { image = "centos-7-0-x64" name = "ceph-admin" region = "sfo1" size = "1gb" private_networking = true ssh_keys = [ "${var.ssh_fingerprint}" ] # below defines the connection parameters necessary to do ssh for further customization. # For this to work passwordless, the ssh keys should be pre-registered with cloud provider. connection { user = "root" type = "ssh" key_file = "${var.pvt_key}" timeout = "10m" } # All below provisioners, perform the actual customization and run # in the order specified in this file. # "remote-exec" performs action on the remote VM over ssh. # Below one could see some necessary directories are being created. provisioner "remote-exec" { inline = [ "mkdir -p /opt/scripts /srv/salt /srv/pillar", "mkdir -p /srv/salt/users/cephadm/keys /srv/salt/users/demo/keys"', "mkdir -p /srv/salt/files", ] } # "file" provisioner copies files from local workmachine (where the script is being run) to # remote VM. Note the directories should exist, before this can pass. # The below copies the whole directory contents from local machine to remote VM. # These scripts help setup the whole environment and can be depended to be available at # /opt/scripts location. Note, the scripts do not have executable permission bits set. # Note the usage of "path.module", these are interpolation extensions provided by Terraform. provisioner "file" { source = "${path.module}/scripts/" destination = "/opt/scripts/" } # A cephdeploy.repo file has to be made available at yum repo, for it to pick ceph packages. # This requirement comes from setting up ceph storage cluster. provisioner "file" { source = "${path.module}/scripts/cephdeploy.repo" destination = "/etc/yum.repos.d/cephdeploy.repo" } # Setup handcrafted custom sudoers file to allow running sudo through ssh without terminal connection. # Also additionally provide necessary sudo permissions to cephadm user. provisioner "file" { source = "${path.module}/scripts/salt/salt/files/sudoers" destination = "/etc/sudoers" } # Now, setup yum repos and install packages as necessary for Ceph admin node. # Additionally ensure salt-master is installed. # Create two users, cephadm privileged user with sudo access for managing the ceph cluster and demo guest user. # The passwords are also set accordingly. # Remember to set proper permissions to the scripts. # The provisioned VM attributes can be easily used to customize several properties as needed. In our case, # the IP address (public and private), VM host name are used to customize the environment further. # For ex: hosts file, salt master configuration file and ssh_config file are updated accordingly. provisioner "remote-exec" { inline = [ "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin", "chmod 0440 /etc/sudoers", "yum install -y epel-release yum-utils", "yum-config-manager --enable cr", "yum install -y yum-plugin-priorities", "yum clean all", "yum makecache", "yum install -y wget salt-master", "cp -af /opt/scripts/salt/* /srv", "yum install -y ceph-deploy --nogpgcheck", "yum install -y ntp ntpdate ntp-doc", "useradd -m -G wheel cephadm", "echo \"cephadm:c3ph@dm1n\" | chpasswd", "useradd -m -G docker demo", "echo \"demo:demo\" | chpasswd", "chmod +x /opt/scripts/*.sh", "/opt/scripts/fixadmin.sh ${self.ipv4_address} ${self.ipv4_address_private} ${self.name}", ] } }3.2.2 Dependency scripts – fixadmin.shBelow we list the scripts referenced from above Terraform file. fixadmin.sh script will be used to customize the VM further after creation. This script shall per- form the following functions. It shall update cluster information in /opt/nodes directory, to help further customization to know the cluster attributes (read net- work address etc). Additionally, it patches several configuration files to enable automation without intervention.intervention.#!/bin/bash # Expects ./fixadmin.sh # Performs the following. # a. caches cluster information in /opt/nodes # b. patches /etc/hosts file to connect through private-ip for cluster communication. # c. patches ssh_config file to enable auto connect without asking confirmation for given node. # d. creates 2 users, with appropriate ssh keys # e. customize salt configuration with cluster properties. mkdir -p /opt/nodes chmod 0755 /opt/nodes echo "$1" > /opt/nodes/admin.public echo "$2" > /opt/nodes/admin.private rm -f /opt/nodes/masters* sed -i '/demo-admin/d' /etc/hosts echo "$2 demo-admin" >> /etc/hosts sed -i '/demo-admin/,+1d' /etc/ssh/ssh_config echo "Host demo-admin" >> /etc/ssh/ssh_config echo " StrictHostKeyChecking no" >> /etc/ssh/ssh_config for user in cephadm demo; do rm -rf /home/${user}/.ssh su -c "cat /dev/zero | ssh-keygen -t rsa -N \"\" -q" ${user} cp /home/${user}/.ssh/id_rsa.pub /srv/salt/users/${user}/keys/key.pub cp /home/${user}/.ssh/id_rsa.pub /home/${user}/.ssh/authorized_keys done systemctl enable salt-master systemctl stop salt-master sed -i '/interface:/d' /etc/salt/master echo "#script changes below" >> /etc/salt/master echo "interface: ${2}" >> /etc/salt/master systemctl start salt-master3.2.3 Dependency – Ceph yum repo speccephdeploy.repo defines a yum repo to fetch the ceph related packages. Below is customized to install on CentOS with ceph Hammer package. This comes directly from ceph pre-requisite.[ceph-noarch] name=Ceph noarch packages baseurl=http://download.ceph.com/rpm-hammer/el7/noarch enabled=1 gpgcheck=1 type=rpm-md gpgkey=https://download.ceph.com/keys/release.asc3.3 Ceph-MonitorLet monitor.tf be the file that holds all configuration necessary to bring up ceph-monitor node.# resource specifies the attributes required to bring up ceph-monitor node. # Note have the node name has been customized with an index, and the usage of 'count' # 'count' is a special attribute that lets one create multiple instances of the same spec. # That easy! resource "digitalocean_droplet" "master" { image = "centos-7-0-x64" name = "ceph-monitor-${count.index}" region = "sfo1" size = "512mb" private_networking = true ssh_keys = [ "${var.ssh_fingerprint}" ] count=1 connection { user = "root" type = "ssh" key_file = "${var.pvt_key}" timeout = "10m" } provisioner "remote-exec" { inline = [ "mkdir -p /opt/scripts /opt/nodes", ] } provisioner "file" { source = "${path.module}/scripts/" destination = "/opt/scripts/" } # This provisioner has implicit dependency on admin node to be available. # below we use admin node's property to fix ceph-monitor's salt minion configuration file, # so it can reach salt master. provisioner "remote-exec" { inline = [ "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin", "yum install -y epel-release yum-utils", "yum-config-manager --enable cr", "yum install -y yum-plugin-priorities", "yum install -y salt-minion", "chmod +x /opt/scripts/*.sh", "/opt/scripts/fixsaltminion.sh ${digitalocean_droplet.admin.ipv4_address_private} ${self.name}", ] } }3.4 Ceph-OsdLet minion.tf file contain configuration necessary to bring up ceph-osd nodes.resource "digitalocean_droplet" "minion" {    image = "centos-7-0-x64"    name = "ceph-osd-${count.index}"    region = "sfo1"    size = "1gb"    private_networking = true    ssh_keys = [      "${var.ssh_fingerprint}"    ]        # Here we specify two instances of this specification. Look above though the        # hostnames are customized already by using interpolation.    count=2  connection {      user = "root"      type = "ssh"      key_file = "${var.pvt_key}"      timeout = "10m"  }  provisioner "remote-exec" {    inline = [      "mkdir -p /opt/scripts /opt/nodes",    ]  }  provisioner "file" {     source = "${path.module}/scripts/"     destination = "/opt/scripts/"  }  provisioner "remote-exec" {    inline = [      "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin",      "yum install -y epel-release yum-utils yum-plugin-priorities",      "yum install -y salt-minion",      "chmod +x /opt/scripts/*.sh",      "/opt/scripts/fixsaltminion.sh ${digitalocean_droplet.admin.ipv4_address_private} ${self.name}",    ]  } }3.4.1 Dependency – fixsaltminion.sh scriptThis script enables all saltminion nodes to fix their configuration, so it can reach the salt master. Other salt minion attributes are customized as well below.#!/bin/bash # The below script ensures salt-minion nodes configuration file # are patched to reach Salt master. # args: systemctl enable salt-minion systemctl stop salt-minion sed -i -e '/master:/d' /etc/salt/minion echo "#scripted below config changes" >> /etc/salt/minion echo "master: ${1}" >> /etc/salt/minion echo "${2}" > /etc/salt/minion_id systemctl start salt-minion3.5 Cluster Pre-flight SetupNull resources are great extensions to Terraform for providing the flexibility needed to configure complex cluster environments. Let one create cluster-init.tf to help fixup the configuration dependencies in cluster.resource "null_resource" "cluster-init" {    # so far we have relied on implicit dependency chain without specifying one.        # Here we will ensure that this resources gets run only after successful creation of its        # dependencies.    depends_on = [        "digitalocean_droplet.admin",        "digitalocean_droplet.master",        "digitalocean_droplet.minion",    ]  connection {      host = "${digitalocean_droplet.admin.ipv4_address}"      user = "root"      type = "ssh"      key_file = "${var.pvt_key}"      timeout = "10m"  }  # Below we run few other scripts based on the cluster configuration.    # And finally ensure all the other nodes in the cluster are ready for    # ceph installation.  provisioner "remote-exec" {    inline = [        "/opt/scripts/fixmasters.sh ${join(\" \", digitalocean_droplet.master.*.ipv4_address_private)}",        "/opt/scripts/fixslaves.sh ${join(\" \", digitalocean_droplet.minion.*.ipv4_address_private)}",        "salt-key -Ay",        "salt -t 10 '*' test.ping",        "salt -t 20 '*' state.apply common",        "salt-cp '*' /opt/nodes/* /opt/nodes",        "su -c /opt/scripts/ceph-pkgsetup.sh cephadm",    ]  } }3.5.1 Dependency – fixmaster.sh script#!/bin/bash # This script fixes host file and collects cluster info under /opt/nodes # Also updates ssh_config accordingly to ensure passwordless ssh can happen to # other nodes in the cluster without prompting for confirmation. # args: NODES="" i=0 for ip in "$@" do    NODE="ceph-monitor-$i"    sed -i "/$NODE/d" /etc/hosts    echo "$ip $NODE" >> /etc/hosts    echo $NODE >> /opt/nodes/masters    echo "$ip" >> /opt/nodes/masters.ip    sed -i "/$NODE/,+1d" /etc/ssh/ssh_config    NODES="$NODES $NODE"    i=$[i+1] done echo "Host $NODES" >> /etc/ssh/ssh_config echo "  StrictHostKeyChecking no" >> /etc/ssh/ssh_config3.5.2 Dependency – fixslaves.sh script3.6.3 Dependency – ceph-pkgsetup.sh script#!/bin/bash # This script fixes host file and collects cluster info under /opt/nodes # Also updates ssh_config accordingly to ensure passwordless ssh can happen to # other nodes in the cluster without prompting for confirmation. # args: NODES="" i=0 mkdir -p /opt/nodes chmod 0755 /opt/nodes rm -f /opt/nodes/minions* for ip in "$@" do    NODE="ceph-osd-$i"    sed -i "/$NODE/d" /etc/hosts    echo "$ip $NODE" >> /etc/hosts    echo $NODE >> /opt/nodes/minions    echo "$ip" >> /opt/nodes/minions.ip    sed -i "/$NODE/,+1d" /etc/ssh/ssh_config    NODES="$NODES $NODE"    i=$[i+1] done echo "Host $NODES" >> /etc/ssh/ssh_config echo "  StrictHostKeyChecking no" >> /etc/ssh/ssh_config#!/bin/bash # has to be run as user 'cephadm' with sudo privileges. # install ceph packages on all nodes in the cluster. mkdir -p $HOME/my-cluster cd $HOME/my-cluster OPTIONS="--username cephadm --overwrite-conf" echo "Installing ceph components" RELEASE=hammer for node in `sudo cat /opt/nodes/masters` do    ceph-deploy $OPTIONS install --release ${RELEASE} $node done for node in `sudo cat /opt/nodes/minions` do    ceph-deploy $OPTIONS install --release ${RELEASE} $node done3.6 Cluster BootstrappingWith the previous section, we have completed successfully setting up the cluster to meet all pre-requisites for installing ceph. The below final bootstrap script, just ensures that the needed ceph functionality gets applied before they are brought up online.File: cluster-bootstrap.tfresource "null_resource" "cluster-bootstrap" {    depends_on = [        "null_resource.cluster-init",    ]  connection {      host = "${digitalocean_droplet.admin.ipv4_address}"      user = "root"      type = "ssh"      key_file = "${var.pvt_key}"      timeout = "10m"  }  provisioner "remote-exec" {    inline = [        "su -c /opt/scripts/ceph-install.sh cephadm",        "salt 'ceph-monitor-*' state.highstate",        "salt 'ceph-osd-*' state.highstate",    ]  } }3.6.1 Dependency – ceph-install.sh script#!/bin/bash # This script has to be run as user 'cephadm', because  this user has # sudo privileges set all across the cluster. OPTIONS="--username cephadm --overwrite-conf" # pre-cleanup. rm -rf $HOME/my-cluster for node in `cat /opt/nodes/masters /opt/nodes/minions` do    ssh $node "sudo rm -rf /etc/ceph/* /var/local/osd* /var/lib/ceph/mon/*"    ssh $node "find /var/lib/ceph -type f | xargs sudo rm -rf" done mkdir -p $HOME/my-cluster cd $HOME/my-cluster echo "1. Preparing for ceph deployment" ceph-deploy $OPTIONS new ceph-monitor-0 # Adjust the configuration to suit our cluster. echo "osd pool default size = 2" >> ceph.conf echo "osd pool default pg num = 16" >> ceph.conf echo "osd pool default pgp num = 16" >> ceph.conf echo "public network = `cat /opt/nodes/admin.private`/16" >> ceph.conf echo "2. Add monitor and gather the keys" ceph-deploy $OPTIONS mon create-initial echo "3. Create OSD directory on each minions" i=0 OSD="" for node in `cat /opt/nodes/minions` do    ssh $node sudo mkdir -p /var/local/osd$i    ssh $node sudo chown -R cephadm:cephadm /var/local/osd$i    OSD="$OSD $node:/var/local/osd$i"    i=$[i+1] done echo "4. Prepare OSD on minions - $OSD" ceph-deploy $OPTIONS osd prepare $OSD echo "5. Activate OSD on minions" ceph-deploy $OPTIONS osd activate $OSD echo "6. Copy keys to all nodes" for node in `cat /opt/nodes/masters` do    ceph-deploy $OPTIONS admin $node done for node in `cat /opt/nodes/minions` do    ceph-deploy $OPTIONS admin $node done echo "7. Set permission on keyring" sudo chmod +r /etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring echo "8. Add in more monitors in cluster if available" for mon in `cat /opt/nodes/masters` do    if [ "$mon" != "ceph-monitor-0" ]; then        ceph-deploy $OPTIONS mon create $mon    fi done3.6.2 SaltStack Pillar setupAs mentioned in the directory structure section, pillar specific files are located in a specific directory. The configuration and files are customized for each node with specific functionality.# file: top.sls base:  "*":    - users# file: users.sls groups: users:  cephadm:    fullname: cephadm    uid: 5000    gid: 5000    shell: /bin/bash    home: /home/cephadm    groups:      - wheel    password: $6$zYFWr3Ouemhtbnxi$kMowKkBYSh8tt2WY98whRcq.    enforce_password: True    key.pub: True  demo:    fullname: demo    uid: 5031    gid: 5031    shell: /bin/bash    home: /home/demo    password: $6$XmIJ.Ox4tNKHa4oYccsYOEszswy1    key.pub: True3.6.3 SaltStack State files# file: top.sls base:    "*":        - common    "ceph-admin":        - admin    "ceph-monitor-*":        - master    "ceph-osd-*":        - minion# file: common.sls {% for group, args in pillar['groups'].iteritems() %} {{ group }}:  group.present:    - name: {{ group }} {% if 'gid' in args %}    - gid: {{ args['gid'] }} {% endif %} {% endfor %} {% for user, args in pillar['users'].iteritems() %} {{ user }}:  group.present:    - gid: {{ args['gid'] }}  user.present:    - home: {{ args['home'] }}    - shell: {{ args['shell'] }}    - uid: {{ args['uid'] }}    - gid: {{ args['gid'] }} {% if 'password' in args %}    - password: {{ args['password'] }} {% if 'enforce_password' in args %}    - enforce_password: {{ args['enforce_password'] }} {% endif %} {% endif %}    - fullname: {{ args['fullname'] }} {% if 'groups' in args %}    - groups: {{ args['groups'] }} {% endif %}    - require:      - group: {{ user }} {% if 'key.pub' in args and args['key.pub'] == True %} {{ user }}_key.pub:  ssh_auth:    - present    - user: {{ user }}    - source: salt://users/{{ user }}/keys/key.pub  ssh_known_hosts:    - present    - user: {{ user }}    - key: salt://users/{{ user }}/keys/key.pub    - name: "demo-master-0" {% endif %} {% endfor %} /etc/sudoers:  file.managed:    - source: salt://files/sudoers    - user: root    - group: root    - mode: 440 /opt/nodes:  file.directory:    - user: root    - group: root    - mode: 755 /opt/scripts:  file.directory:    - user: root    - group: root    - mode: 755# file: admin.sls include:  - master bash /opt/scripts/bootstrap.sh:  cmd.run# file: master.sls # one can include any packages, configuration to target ceph monitor nodes here. masterpkgs:    pkg.installed:    - pkgs:      - ntp      - ntpdate      - ntp-doc# file: minion.sls # one can include any packages, configuration to target ceph osd nodes here. minionpkgs:    pkg.installed:    - pkgs:      - ntp      - ntpdate      - ntp-doc# file: files/sudoers # customized for setting up environment to satisfy # ceph pre-flight checks. # ## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as ## the root user, without needing the root password. ## ## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections ## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular ## users or groups. ## ## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command. ## Host Aliases ## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using ## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead. # Host_Alias     FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2 # Host_Alias     MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2 ## User Aliases ## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups ## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname ## rather than USERALIAS # User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem ## Command Aliases ## These are groups of related commands... ## Networking # Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient, /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig, /sbin/mii-tool ## Installation and management of software # Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum ## Services # Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig ## Updating the locate database # Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb ## Storage # Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe, /bin/mount, /bin/umount ## Delegating permissions # Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp ## Processes # Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall ## Drivers # Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe # Defaults specification # # Disable "ssh hostname sudo ", because it will show the password in clear. #         You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo ". # Defaults:cephadm    !requiretty # # Refuse to run if unable to disable echo on the tty. This setting should also be # changed in order to be able to use sudo without a tty. See requiretty above. # Defaults   !visiblepw # # Preserving HOME has security implications since many programs # use it when searching for configuration files. Note that HOME # is already set when the the env_reset option is enabled, so # this option is only effective for configurations where either # env_reset is disabled or HOME is present in the env_keep list. # Defaults    always_set_home Defaults    env_reset Defaults    env_keep =  "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS" Defaults    env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE" Defaults    env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES" Defaults    env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE" Defaults    env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY" # # Adding HOME to env_keep may enable a user to run unrestricted # commands via sudo. # # Defaults   env_keep += "HOME" Defaults    secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin ## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on ## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple ## systems). ## Syntax: ## ##      user    MACHINE=COMMANDS ## ## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it. ## ## Allow root to run any commands anywhere root    ALL=(ALL)       ALL ## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software, ## service management apps and more. # %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE, DRIVERS ## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands # %wheel  ALL=(ALL)       ALL ## Same thing without a password %wheel        ALL=(ALL)       NOPASSWD: ALL ## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the ## cdrom as root # %users  ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom ## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system # %users  localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now ## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment) #includedir /etc/sudoers.d3.7 Putting it all togetherI agree, that was a lengthy setup process. But with the configuration above in place, we will now see what it takes to fire a ceph storage cluster up. Hold your breath now, since just typing terraform apply does it. Really! Yes that is easy. Not just that, to bring down the cluster, just type terraform destroy, and to look at the cluster attributes, type terraform show. One can create any number of ceph storage clusters at one go; replicate, and recreate it any number of times. So, if one wants to expand the number of ceph monitors, then update the count attribute to your liking, similar to the rest of the VMs in the cluster. And not to forget, Terraform also lets you setup your local environment based on the cluster properties through their local-exec provisioner. The combination seems to get just too exciting, and the options endless.4 ConclusionTerraform and Saltstack both have various functionalities that intersect. But the above case study has enabled us to understand the power those tools bring to the table together. Specifying infrastructure and its dependencies not just as a specification, but allowing it to be reproducible anywhere is truly a marvel. Cloud Technologies and myraid tools that are emerging in the horizon are truly redefining the way of software development and deployment lifecycles. A marvel indeed! References[1] HashiCorp, https://hashicorp.com [2] Vagrant from HashiCorp, https://www.vagrantup.com[3] Terraform from HashiCorp Inc., https://terraform.io/docs/index.html[4] SaltStack Documentation, https://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/contents.html[5] Ceph Storage Cluster, http://ceph.com[6] Ceph Storage Cluster Setup, http://docs.ceph.com/docs/master/start/[7] DigitalOcean Personal Access Token,https://cloud.digitalocean.com/settings/applications#access-tokensThis blog was the winning entry of the Aziro (formerly MSys Technologies) Blogging Championship 2015.

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automationcloud
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Future-Proofing Your IT Infrastructure: A Guide to DevOps Managed Services

In today’s ever-evolving digital landscape, businesses are constantly seeking ways to optimize their software development and deployment processes. This is where DevOps Managed Services come into play. In this blog, we’ll dive deep into the world of DevOps Managed Services, covering everything from the basics to advanced strategies. Whether you’re new to the concept or looking to enhance your existing knowledge, we’ve got you covered. Get ready to explore the key principles, benefits, and best practices of DevOps Managed Services, and discover how they can revolutionize your organization’s IT operations. Let’s embark on this enlightening journey together! What are DevOps Managed Services? DevOps Managed Services offer a comprehensive solution for organizations seeking to streamline their software development and deployment processes while optimizing resource utilization and reducing operational overhead. At its core, DevOps Managed Services combine the principles of DevOps with the benefits of outsourcing, allowing businesses to leverage the expertise of specialized providers to enhance their development and operations workflows. Exploring the Spectrum: Different DevOps Managed Services to Suit Your Needs In the realm of DevOps Managed Services, there exists a diverse array of offerings tailored to address specific needs and challenges faced by organizations. Let’s delve into the different types of DevOps Managed Services available 1.Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) These services focus on automating the build, test, and deployment processes, ensuring rapid and reliable software delivery through automated pipelines. 2.Infrastructure as Code (IaC) IaC services enable the provisioning and management of infrastructure resources through code, promoting consistency, scalability, and efficiency in infrastructure management. 3.Monitoring and Performance Optimization These services provide real-time monitoring and analytics to optimize application and infrastructure performance, ensuring high availability and reliability. 4.Security and Compliance DevOps Managed Services with a security focus implement robust security controls, compliance frameworks, and vulnerability management to enhance the security posture of organizations. 5.24/7 Support and Incident Management These services offer round-the-clock support and incident management to address operational issues promptly, minimizing downtime and ensuring business continuity. 6.Scalability and Flexibility DevOps Managed Services designed for scalability and flexibility enable organizations to adapt to changing requirements and scale resources dynamically. 7.Cloud Migration and Management Services in this category assist organizations in migrating to the cloud, managing cloud environments, and optimizing cloud infrastructure for enhanced agility and cost-efficiency. 8.DevOps Consulting and Training Consulting and training services provide guidance, best practices, and skill development to help organizations build internal DevOps capabilities and foster a culture of continuous improvement. 9.Application Performance Monitoring (APM) APM services offer deep insights into application performance, identifying bottlenecks, optimizing resource utilization, and improving the user experience. 10.Containerization and Orchestration These services focus on containerizing applications, managing container orchestration platforms like Kubernetes, and optimizing containerized workflows for agility and scalability. Unveiling the Benefits of DevOps Managed Services DevOps Managed Services offer a plethora of advantages for organizations looking to streamline their software development and operations processes. Let’s explore some of the key benefits Expertise and Specialization Leveraging DevOps Managed Services allows organizations to tap into the expertise of specialized professionals who possess in-depth knowledge and experience in implementing DevOps practices. This expertise ensures that organizations receive high-quality services and solutions tailored to their specific needs. Cost Efficiency By outsourcing DevOps functions to Managed Service Providers (MSPs), organizations can significantly reduce operational costs associated with hiring, training, and retaining in-house DevOps talent. MSPs often offer flexible pricing models, allowing organizations to pay only for the services they use, thereby optimizing cost efficiency. Focus on Core Competencies DevOps Managed Services enable organizations to focus on their core business objectives and strategic initiatives, rather than getting bogged down by the complexities of managing infrastructure, deployment pipelines, and tooling. This allows teams to allocate more time and resources to innovation and value delivery. Scalability and Flexibility Managed Services providers offer scalable solutions that can adapt to the evolving needs and growth trajectories of organizations. Whether it’s handling sudden spikes in workload or expanding into new markets, DevOps Managed Services provide the flexibility to scale resources up or down as needed, without the hassle of infrastructure management. Faster Time-to-Market DevOps Managed Services facilitate the automation of software delivery processes, including continuous integration, continuous deployment, and testing. This automation streamlines the development lifecycle, reduces manual errors, and accelerates the time-to-market for software products and features, giving organizations a competitive edge in rapidly changing markets. Enhanced Reliability and Stability With robust monitoring, incident management, and performance optimization capabilities, DevOps Managed Services ensure the reliability and stability of applications and infrastructure components. Proactive monitoring and timely resolution of issues minimize downtime, service disruptions, and business impact, thereby enhancing overall operational resilience. Improved Security and Compliance DevOps Managed Services providers implement stringent security measures, compliance frameworks, and best practices to safeguard organizations’ data, applications, and infrastructure. This proactive approach to security helps mitigate risks, prevent breaches, and ensure compliance with industry regulations and standards. Access to Cutting-Edge Tools and Technologies Managed Services providers stay abreast of the latest advancements in DevOps tools, technologies, and methodologies. By partnering with MSPs, organizations gain access to cutting-edge tools and platforms that enable them to innovate faster, adopt emerging technologies, and stay ahead of the competition. Elevate Your Business with Aziro (formerly MSys Technologies) DevOps Managed Services Embracing DevOps Managed Services is a strategic decision for businesses looking to thrive in the digital age. As you’ve discovered, these services offer a myriad of benefits, from specialized expertise and cost efficiency to heightened security and accelerated innovation. However, delving into DevOps Managed Services requires thoughtful deliberation, thorough research, and the selection of the right partner. At AZIRO DevOps Managed Services, we comprehend the complexities and opportunities inherent in DevOps adoption. With our extensive experience and proficiency, we are dedicated to assisting businesses like yours in unlocking the full potential of DevOps. Our comprehensive range of services spans strategic planning, implementation, security, compliance, and ongoing support. By teaming up with AZIRO DevOps Managed Services, you can harness the transformative capabilities of DevOps and position your business for success. Whether you seek cost optimization, operational efficiency, or innovation acceleration, our team of experts is poised to support you at every turn. Don’t let uncertainty hinder your progress. Take the leap into DevOps with assurance, knowing that Aziro (formerly MSys Technologies) DevOps Managed Services has your best interests at heart. Reach out to us today to explore how we can help you realize your business objectives and maintain a competitive edge in today’s dynamic digital landscape. Your journey to DevOps excellence begins now.

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The Future of Cloud Computing: Emerging Cloud Computing Trends and Technologies to Watch

The cloud computing landscape has witnessed remarkable growth over the past few years. Notably, global expenditures on cloud infrastructure are projected to surpass $1 trillion in 2024, marking a significant milestone. This unfolding landscape of continuous developments has spurred exploration into numerous groundbreaking trends, which we will delve into in this article. Let’s get started! Top 4 Cloud Computing Trends to Watch in 2024 The upcoming years hold the prospect of a dynamic period for businesses, especially within the cloud computing domain. As technological advancements continue to reshape industries, businesses are presented with unprecedented opportunities for innovation, efficiency, and growth. Embracing these changes strategically will be crucial for staying competitive in an evolving landscape. 1. Hybrid and Multi-Cloud Strategies Organizations are progressively embracing multi-cloud and hybrid cloud approaches to enhance the efficiency of their cloud infrastructure, mitigate vendor lock-in risks, and bolster overall resilience. Hybrid cloud solutions integrate both public and private clouds in a cohesive architecture, unleashing benefits such as scalability and cost efficiency. In fact, a recent Gartner survey indicates that around 81% of organizations are engaging with two or more cloud providers for their cloud computing needs. Despite providing flexibility and cost benefits, these strategies bring about challenges in legacy integrations and data governance complexities. Nevertheless, they embody next-generation infrastructure solutions gaining prominence as organizations strive to balance security and flexibility. How Hybrid Cloud is Gaining Traction Across Industries Hybrid cloud solutions are advancing significantly across diverse sectors: Finance Banks are increasingly adopting hybrid clouds to segregate customer data securely in private clouds, while utilizing public clouds for customer-facing applications. This approach enhances data protection and optimizes operational efficiency. Healthcare In the healthcare sector, institutions are leveraging hybrid cloud solutions to store patient records securely within private clouds. Simultaneously, they tap into the benefits of public clouds for non-confidential tasks, such as administrative functions. This dual approach allows healthcare providers to maintain compliance while optimizing operational costs. Gaming Game developers are turning to hybrid clouds to handle resource-intensive tasks like graphics rendering. By combining the computational power of public cloud resources with private servers for real-time interactions, hybrid cloud solutions offer flexible deployment options for the gaming and broader software industry. Manufacturing Within the manufacturing sector, hybrid clouds play a crucial role in overseeing production processes through IoT devices. Intellectual property is securely stored in private clouds, providing a balance between connectivity and data protection. This approach supports supply chain management with increased flexibility and scalability. 2. Edge Computing Edge computing is experiencing broad adoption on a global scale. Projections indicate that the global edge computing market is expected to reach USD 111.3 billion by 2028, boasting a CAGR of 15.7%. Cloud providers are actively moving towards the edge to address the rise of next-gen technologies such as 5G, IoT devices, and latency-sensitive applications. This transition, characterized by the decentralization of data and processing, results in the reduction of latency, efficient bandwidth utilization, and the facilitation of real-time processing. This paves the way for accelerated IoT growth and elevated user experiences. How Edge Computing Brings Value Across Industries Edge computing demonstrates its value across various sectors: Finance In the finance sector, edge computing proves instrumental in real-time risk analysis and fraud detection. Processing transactions and analyzing data at the edge result in quicker responses to potential threats, enhancing overall security. Healthcare In healthcare, wearable health devices leverage edge computing to process vital signs locally. This approach allows for immediate alerts in the case of critical conditions, significantly reducing response times and improving patient care. Manufacturing For manufacturing, edge computing enables real-time quality controls of production data. Analyzing sensor data from manufacturing equipment facilitates predictive maintenance, enhancing operational efficiency. Autonomous Vehicles In the realm of autonomous vehicles, edge computing is essential for rapid decision-making. Processing data in real-time from sensors on the vehicle ensures swift responses and contributes to the safe operation of self-driving cars. 3. Serverless Computing Anticipated to experience substantial growth at a CAGR of 23.17% from 2023 to 2028, serverless computing introduces innovative approaches to developing and running software applications and services. This emerging trend eliminates the need for managing infrastructure, enabling users to write and deploy code without the burden of handling underlying systems. This shift comes with various advantages for developers, such as accelerated time-to-market, enhanced scalability, and reduced costs associated with deploying new services, allowing developers to concentrate on innovation instead of the intricacies of infrastructure management. Industry Momentum Serverless computing is advancing significantly across diverse sectors Finance In the realm of finance, leveraging serverless computing offers automated customer support through real-time chatbots and virtual assistance. Furthermore, it proves instrumental in powering financial applications, including real-time payment processing and fraud detection. Healthcare For healthcare, the application of serverless computing involves analyzing medical images, such as X-rays and MRIs, to automatically detect anomalies, aiding healthcare professionals in diagnosis. It also facilitates virtual doctor-patient consultations, remote monitoring, and telemedicine services, presenting a cost-effective solution in the healthcare sector. Manufacturing In the manufacturing sector, the adoption of serverless computing contributes to automated inventory management by monitoring stock levels and generating purchase orders. Additionally, it analyzes sensor data from production lines, detecting anomalies and predicting equipment failures for enhanced operational efficiency. 4. Kubernetes and Docker In the ever-evolving realm of cloud computing, Kubernetes and Docker have emerged as pivotal technologies for organizations worldwide. These open-source platforms efficiently manage services and workloads from a centralized location, enabling the seamless execution of applications from a unified source. Their scalability and effectiveness render them indispensable for large-scale deployments. Given the increasing dependence on cloud computing services, Kubernetes and Docker play a pivotal role in overseeing cloud deployments for individual users and organizations. Impact Across Industries Edge computing demonstrates its value across various sectors Finance In the finance sector, financial institutions leverage containerization to establish secure and isolated environments for processing transactions and managing sensitive data. Healthcare Healthcare providers adopt containerization to swiftly deploy applications that support patient data management and facilitate telemedicine services. Gaming Within the gaming industry, containerization and microservices play a vital role in enabling seamless in-game features and updates without disrupting gameplay. Conclusion The cloud computing trends discussed in this article offer a glimpse into an exciting and transformative phase within cloud computing. These technologies will augment technological efficiency, drive cost-effectiveness, and improve accessibility for both enterprises and end-users. Be ready for our upcoming blogs for more updates on the latest advancements shaping the dynamic world of cloud computing.

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Data Reduction: Maintaining the Performance for Modernized Cloud Storage Data

Going With the Winds of Time A recent white paper by IDC claims that 95% of organizations are bound to re-strategize their data protection strategy. The new workloads due to work from home requirements, SaaS, and containerized applications call for the modernization of our data protection blueprint. Moreover, if we need to get over our anxieties of data loss, we are to really work with services like AI/ML, Data analytics, and the Internet of Things. Substandard data protection at this point is neither economical nor smart. In this context, we already talked about methods like Data Redundancy and data versioning. However, data protection modernization extends to the third time of the process, one that helps reduces the capacity required to store the data. Data reduction enhances the storage efficiency, thus improving the organizations’ capability to manage and monitor the data while reducing the storage costs substantially. It is this process that we will talk about in detail in this blog. Expanding Possibilities With Data Reduction Working with infrastructures like Cloud object storage, block storage, etc., have relieved the data admins and their organizations from the overhead of storage capacity and cost optimization. The organizations now show more readiness towards Disaster recovery and data retention. Therefore, it only makes sense that we magnify the supposed benefits of these infrastructures by adding Data Reduction to the mix. Data reduction helps you manage the data copies and increase the efficacy value of its analytics. The workloads for DevOps or AI are particularly data-hungry and need more optimized storage premises to work with. In effect, data reduction can help you track the heavily shared data blocks and prioritize their caching for frequent use. Most of the vendors now notify you beforehand about the raw and effective capacities of the storage infra, where the latter is actually the capacity post data reduction. So, how do we achieve such optimization? The answer unfolds in 2 ways: Data Compression Data Deduplication We will now look at them one by one. Data Compression Data doesn’t necessarily have to be stored in its original size. The basic idea behind data compression is to store a code representing the original data. This code would acquire less space but would store all the information that the original data was supposed to store. With the number of bits to represent the original data reduced, the organization can save a lot on the storage capacity required, network bandwidth, and storage cost. Data compression uses algorithms that represent a longer sequence of data set with a sequence that’s shorter or smaller in size. Some algorithms also replace multiple unnecessary characters with a single character that uses smaller bytes and can compress the data to up to 50% of its original size. Based on the bits lost and data compressed, the compression process is known to be of 2 types: Lossy Compression Lossless Compression Lossy Compression Lossy compression prioritizes compression over redundant data. Thus, it permanently eliminates some of the information held by the data. It is highly likely that a user may get all their work done without having to need the lost information, and the compression may work just fine. Compression for multimedia data sets like videos, image files, sound files, etc., are often compressed using lossy algorithms. Lossless Compression Lossless compression is a little more complex, as here, the algorithms are not supposed to permanently eliminate the bits. Thus, in lossless algorithms, the compression is done based on the statistical redundancy in the data. By statistical redundancy, one simply means the recurrence of certain patterns that are near impossible to avoid in real-world data. Based on the redundancy of these patterns, the lossless algorithm creates the representational coding, which is smaller in size than the original data, thus compressed. A more sophisticated extension of lossless data compression is what inspired the idea for Data deduplication that we would study now. Data Deduplication Data deduplication enhances the storage capacity by using what is known as – Single Instance Storage. Essentially a specific amount of data sequence bytes (as long as 10KB) are compared against already existing data that holds such sequences. Thus, it ensures that a data sequence is not stored unless it is unique. However, this does not affect the data read, and the user applications can still retrieve the data as and when the file is written. What it actually does is avoid repeated copies and data sets over regular intervals of time. This enhances the storage capacity as well as the cost. Here’s how the whole process works: Step 1 – The Incoming Data Stream is segmented as per a pre-decided segment window Step 2 – Uniquely identified segments are compared against those already stored Step 3 – In case there’s no duplication found, the data segment is stored on the disk Step 4 – In case of a duplicate segment already existing, a reference to this existing segment is stored for future data retrievals and read. Thus, instead of storing multiple data sets, we have a single data set referred at multiple times. Data compression and deduplication substantially reduce the storage capacity requirements allowing larger volumes of data to be stored and processed for modern day tech-innovation. Some of the noted benefits of these data reduction techniques are: Improving bandwidth efficiency for the cloud storage by eliminating repeated data Reduces storage capacity requirement concerns for data backups Lowered storage cost by reducing the amount of storage space to be procured Improves the speed for disaster recovery as reduced duplicate data makes the transfer easy Final Thoughts Internet of Things, AI-based automation, data analytics powered business intelligence – all of these are the modern day use cases meant to refine the human experience. The common pre-requisite for all these is a huge capacity to deal with the incoming data juggernaut. Techniques like data redundancy and versioning protect the data from performance failures due to cyberattacks and erroneous activities. On the other hand, data reduction enhances the performance of the data itself by optimizing its size and storage requirements. The modernized data requirements need modernized data protection, and data reduction happens to be an integral part of it.

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cloud storageCloud Storage Datadata-storage
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Navigating the Transition: On Premise to Cloud Migration Explained

In today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape, businesses constantly seek ways to streamline operations, enhance scalability, and improve overall efficiency. One significant shift many enterprises are undertaking is migrating from traditional on-premise infrastructure to cloud-based solutions. This transition, known as “on premise to cloud migration,” holds immense potential for organizations across various industries. In this comprehensive guide, we delve into the intricacies of this transition, exploring its benefits, challenges, best practices, and key considerations.Understanding On Premise to Cloud MigrationIn IT infrastructure, “on premises physical infrastructure” refers to physical servers, storage devices, and networking equipment housed within an organization’s premises or data centers. Internal IT teams meticulously manage these on-premise resources, ensuring data security, availability, and performance. However, the inherent limitations of on premises infrastructure, including finite capacity, scalability challenges, and high maintenance costs, have spurred the adoption of cloud computing as a compelling alternative.Source: StriimCloud migration involves the meticulous planning, execution, and optimization of the transition process, aiming to harness the full potential of cloud technologies while minimizing disruption to business operations. This endeavor encompasses various facets, each demanding careful planning, consideration, and technical expertise:Data Migration StrategiesData migration is a critical aspect of on premise to cloud migration. It involves transferring vast volumes of data from local storage systems to remote cloud repositories. This process consists in selecting appropriate migration methods, such as bulk transfers, incremental synchronization, or real-time replication transfer data over, depending on data volume, latency requirements, and downtime tolerance.Source: SpiceworksApplication Re-Platforming and Re-ArchitectingOn premise to cloud migration necessitates architectural adjustments and optimization to align with the characteristics and capabilities of cloud platforms. This may involve re-platforming existing applications to leverage cloud-native services and frameworks, such as serverless computing, containerization, or microservices architecture. Alternatively, complex legacy applications may require re-architecting efforts to modularize components, decouple dependencies, and enhance scalability and resilience.Network Configuration and ConnectivitySeamless integration between on premises data center infrastructure and cloud environments requires meticulous network configuration and connectivity planning. This entails establishing secure communication channels, such as virtual private networks (VPNs) or dedicated leased lines, to facilitate data transfer, application access, and interconnectivity between on-premise data centers and cloud regions. Additionally, organizations must implement robust network security measures, including firewall policies, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and encryption protocols, to safeguard data integrity and confidentiality across hybrid environments.Performance Optimization and MonitoringEnsuring optimal performance and resource utilization in the cloud necessitates continuous monitoring and optimization of workloads, infrastructure components, and application dependencies. Cloud-native monitoring tools and performance metrics provide granular insights into resource utilization, latency, throughput, and error rates, enabling IT teams to identify bottlenecks, fine-tune configurations, and optimize resource allocation for optimal efficiency and cost-effectiveness.Security and Compliance ConsiderationsProtecting sensitive data and ensuring regulatory compliance are paramount concerns in on premise to cloud migration. Cloud service provider offer many security features, including data encryption, identity and access management (IAM), and compliance certifications (e.g., SOC 2, GDPR, HIPAA), to fortify cloud environments against cyber threats and regulatory violations. However, organizations must implement robust security controls, data encryption protocols, and access management policies to mitigate risks and maintain compliance with industry regulations and standards.Capacity Planning and Cost OptimizationEffective capacity planning and cost optimization are essential components of a cloud migration strategy, aiming to balance resource availability, performance requirements, and budget constraints. Cloud providers offer flexible pricing models, including pay-as-you-go, reserved instances, and spot instances, enabling organizations to optimize costs based on workload characteristics, usage patterns, and budgetary considerations. Additionally, the cloud provider’ cost management tools and services facilitate cost tracking, budget forecasting, and cost optimization recommendations, empowering organizations to maximize ROI and minimize expenditure in the cloud.The Benefits of Cloud MigrationSource: Data DynamicsScalability and Flexibility: The Elasticity AdvantageCloud-based solutions boast an inherent elasticity that dynamically empowers organizations to scale resources in response to fluctuating workloads and demands. Leveraging auto-scaling capabilities and resource provisioning mechanisms, such as Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling or Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler, enables businesses to seamlessly adjust compute, storage, and networking resources in real time, optimizing performance and cost-efficiency. This elasticity ensures that applications can gracefully handle sudden spikes in traffic or processing requirements without compromising performance or availability. This enables organizations to deliver superior user experiences and maintain competitive agility in dynamic market environments.Cost Savings: Capitalizing on Cloud EconomicsCloud migration represents a paradigm shift in IT economics. It offers compelling cost-saving opportunities by eliminating capital expenditures (CapEx) associated with hardware procurement, maintenance, and infrastructure depreciation. Organizations can realize significant cost efficiencies and resource optimization benefits by transitioning to a subscription-based operational expenditure (OpEx) model.Cloud providers, such as Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform (GCP), offer flexible pricing models, including pay-as-you-go, reserved instances, and spot instances. These enable organizations to align costs with actual usage and scale resources based on evolving business requirements. Furthermore, cloud cost management tools, such as AWS Cost Explorer and Azure Cost Management, empower organizations to track, analyze, and optimize cloud spending, maximizing ROI and minimizing unnecessary expenditures.Enhanced Collaboration: Breaking Down Geographical BarriersCloud platforms catalyze collaboration, breaking geographical barriers and fostering seamless communication and teamwork among distributed teams and stakeholders. Organizations can use cloud-based collaboration tools like Microsoft Teams, Slack, and Google Workspace to facilitate real-time communication, document sharing, and project collaboration across disparate locations and time zones.Cloud-based project management and productivity suites, such as Asana, Trello, and Jira Cloud, streamline task management, workflow orchestration, and team coordination, promoting greater productivity, innovation, and synergy within cross-functional teams. This democratization of collaboration transcends traditional organizational boundaries, enabling remote and distributed teams to collaborate effectively and drive collective success in an increasingly interconnected and decentralized digital landscape.Improved Security: Fortifying Cyber Defense PostureCloud migration allows organizations to enhance their cyber defense posture by leveraging the advanced security features and compliance frameworks cloud service providers provide. Cloud platforms, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and GCP, adhere to stringent security standards, including ISO 27001, SOC 2, and GDPR, to safeguard customer data and mitigate cybersecurity risks. Implementing robust identity and access management (IAM) controls, encryption protocols, and network security policies ensures data confidentiality, integrity, and availability across cloud environments.Furthermore, cloud-native security solutions, such as AWS Security Hub, Azure Security Center, and Google Cloud Security Command Center, offer centralized threat detection, vulnerability management, and compliance monitoring capabilities, enabling organizations to identify and mitigate security threats and compliance gaps proactively. By embracing a holistic approach to cloud security, organizations can instill confidence in their stakeholders, protect sensitive assets, and uphold regulatory compliance obligations in an increasingly hostile cyber landscape.Business Continuity: Safeguarding Against DisruptionCloud-based disaster recovery (DR) and backup solutions provide organizations with resilient and scalable mechanisms to ensure data redundancy, continuity of operations, and rapid recovery in the event of a disaster or service outage. Leveraging cloud-native DRaaS (Disaster Recovery as a Service) offerings, such as AWS Disaster Recovery, Azure Site Recovery, and GCP Disaster Recovery, organizations can replicate mission-critical workloads, applications, and data to geographically dispersed cloud regions, minimizing single points of failure and enhancing resilience against natural disasters, hardware failures, or human errors.Cloud-based backup and archival solutions, such as AWS, Azure, and GCP Storage, enable organizations to securely store and retrieve data across multiple storage tiers, ensuring data durability, integrity, and accessibility over extended retention periods. By embracing cloud-based business continuity strategies, organizations can mitigate operational risks, minimize downtime, and maintain business continuity in the face of unforeseen disruptions, safeguarding their reputation, revenue, and competitive advantage in an increasingly volatile and unpredictable business landscape.Challenges and ConsiderationsWhile the benefits of cloud migration are undeniable, the transition process to other cloud providers comes with its own set of challenges and considerations:Data Security and Compliance: Safeguarding the Crown JewelsAs organizations embark on the difficult journey of data migration to the cloud, ensuring the sanctity of sensitive data and compliance with regulatory mandates becomes paramount. By implementing robust encryption protocols, data masking techniques, and access control mechanisms on premises data, organizations can fortify their data fortresses against cyber marauders and nefarious actors.Furthermore, leveraging cloud-native security features, such as AWS Key Management Service (KMS), Azure Information Protection, and Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM), enables organizations to erect impenetrable barriers around their digital citadels, safeguarding sensitive assets from prying eyes and regulatory scrutiny. By wielding the sword of compliance with standards such as GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI DSS, organizations can defeat the specter of legal liabilities and preserve the honor of their data kingdom.Integration Complexity: Untangling the Web of InterdependenciesThe labyrinthine path of integrating legacy on-premise systems with cloud-based solutions poses a Herculean challenge for organizations venturing into digital transformation. Navigating through a maze of APIs, data connectors, and middleware, organizations must orchestrate a symphony of data flows and transactional interactions between disparate systems and platforms. Embracing modern integration paradigms, such as microservices architecture, event-driven architecture, and API gateways, organizations can unravel the Gordian knot of integration complexity, fostering seamless interoperability and data exchange across hybrid environments.By harnessing the power of cloud integration and platforms, such as MuleSoft Anypoint Platform, Azure Integration Services, and Google Cloud Pub/Sub, organizations can transcend the boundaries of legacy silos and forge a unified ecosystem of interconnected applications, services, and data sources, laying the foundation for innovation and agility in the digital age.Legacy Applications: Breathing New Life into Relics of the PastAs organizations embark on the odyssey of cloud migration, they must confront the formidable challenge of modernizing legacy applications in the cobwebs of obsolescence and inefficiency. Armed with the sword of refactoring, organizations can wield the transformative power of cloud-native architectures, such as containers, serverless computing, and Kubernetes orchestration, to breathe new life into archaic monoliths and legacy codebases. By decoupling dependencies, modularizing components, and embracing cloud-native design patterns, organizations can liberate their applications from the shackles of antiquity, enabling them to soar to new heights of scalability, resilience, and agility in the cloud.Alternatively, organizations may embark on the dangerous quest of application replacement for artifacts beyond redemption, seeking refuge in embracing modern SaaS offerings or bespoke cloud-native solutions tailored to their unique needs. Thus, by embracing the spirit of innovation and adaptation, organizations can transcend the limitations of legacy baggage and embark on a transformative journey toward digital excellence and competitive advantage in the cloud era.Performance and Latency: Racing Against the ClockOrganizations must navigate treacherous waters fraught with perilous currents of performance bottlenecks and latency labyrinths as they set sail on the turbulent seas of cloud migration. Depending on the nature of workloads and network configurations, organizations may encounter tempestuous storms of latency, packet loss, and jitter, threatening to capsize their digital vessels and plunge them into the abyss of operational chaos. By leveraging cloud-native optimization techniques, such as content delivery networks (CDNs), edge computing, and data caching, organizations can harness the winds of performance optimization to propel their workloads to new heights of speed and efficiency.Embracing hybrid cloud architectures and multi-cloud strategies enables organizations to strategically distribute workloads across geographically dispersed data centers and cloud regions, minimizing latency and maximizing throughput. Thus, by mastering the art of performance tuning and latency mitigation, organizations can chart a course toward smoother sailing and swifter navigation in the vast expanse of the next cloud environment.Change Management: Leading the Charge of Digital RevolutionAs organizations embark on the epic quest of cloud migration, they must rally their forces and lead the charge of digital revolution against the citadel of status quo and inertia. Armed with the banners of cultural transformation, skill empowerment, and organizational agility, organizations can defeat the specter of resistance following cloud migration challenges and shepherd their people through the crucible of change. By fostering a culture of innovation, collaboration, and continuous learning, organizations can nurture a cadre of digital warriors equipped with the knowledge, skills, and mindset to embrace cloud migration challenges and drive organizational success in the digital age.Through effective communication, stakeholder engagement, and training initiatives, organizations can cultivate a sense of ownership and empowerment among their workforce, inspiring them to embrace change as a catalyst for growth and transformation. Thus, by leading the charge of change management with courage and conviction, organizations can embark on a transformative journey toward digital excellence and resilience in the cloud-powered future.Best Practices for Successful MigrationTo mitigate risks and maximize the benefits of on-premise to cloud migration, organizations should adhere to best practices:Thorough Planning: Blueprinting the Cloud OdysseyEmbark on the quest of cloud migration by meticulously mapping out the terrain of your existing infrastructure, workloads, and interdependencies. Conduct a comprehensive assessment encompassing network topology, application architecture, data dependencies, and regulatory compliance requirements to chart a course toward cloud nirvana. By developing a detailed cloud migration plan now, organizations can confidently navigate the treacherous waters of migration, anticipating challenges, and orchestrating a seamless transition to the promised land of cloud excellence.Prioritize Workloads: Deciphering the Cloud HieroglyphicsUnravel the enigma of workload prioritization by deciphering the cryptic glyphs of criticality, complexity, and compatibility. Prioritize workloads based on their strategic importance, technical intricacy, and suitability for cloud environments, ensuring strategic alignment with organizational objectives and resource constraints. Organizations can allocate resources judiciously and expedite the migration journey with purpose and precision by discerning between mission-critical juggernauts and inconsequential ephemera.Data Migration Strategies: Unveiling the Migration AlchemyEmbark on a voyage of data migration alchemy, where bytes transform into gold through the arcane arts of lift-and-shift, re-platforming, and re-architecting. Choose the optimal data migration project strategy tailored to the unique characteristics of your data estate, balancing factors such as volume, velocity, and variability. Whether traversing the path of minimal disruption with lift-and-shift, optimizing for cloud-native paradigms with re-platforming, or embarking on a quest for digital transformation through re-architecting, organizations can unlock the transformative potential of data migration and pave the way for future innovation and agility in the cloud.Security and Compliance: Fortifying the Cloud BastionErect an impregnable fortress of security and compliance to safeguard your digital dominion from the marauding hordes of cyber adversaries and regulatory watchdogs. Implement a multi-layered defense strategy encompassing robust encryption protocols, identity and access management (IAM) controls, and compliance frameworks to fortify data sovereignty and uphold regulatory mandates. By wielding the sword of compliance with standards such as GDPR, HIPAA, and SOC 2, organizations can repel the forces of chaos and preserve the sanctity of their digital realm in the cloud.Performance Monitoring: Navigating the Cloud CartographyNavigate the labyrinthine expanse of the hybrid cloud deployment landscape with precision and insight through vigilant performance monitoring and optimization. Chart a course towards operational excellence by continuously monitoring performance metrics, latency, and user experience post-migration. Leverage cloud-native monitoring tools and telemetry data to illuminate the darkest corners of your cloud kingdom, identifying bottlenecks, optimizing resource allocation, and optimizing the user experience to ensure a smooth and seamless journey to cloud enlightenment.Employee Training and Education: Empowering Cloud ChampionsEmpower your legion of cloud champions with the knowledge, skills, and tools to conquer cloud migration challenges and thrive in the digital age. Provide comprehensive training and support programs to familiarize employees with cloud technologies, best practices, and governance frameworks. By nurturing a culture of continuous learning and innovation, organizations can cultivate a cadre of cloud evangelists equipped to champion the cause of digital transformation and propel the organization toward cloud excellence and competitive advantage.Partner with Experts: Sailing with the Cloud NavigatorsSet sail on the turbulent seas of cloud migration with the guidance and expertise of seasoned cloud navigators and wayfarers. Consider partnering with experienced cloud service providers or consultants to navigate the most aws cloud migration process smoothly and efficiently. By harnessing the wisdom and experience of cloud experts, organizations can chart a course towards success, avoiding treacherous shoals and navigating the complexities of cloud migration with confidence and competence.Best Cloud Services ProvidersIn the vast expanse of cloud computing, navigating the myriad options can be daunting. However, with the top players in the industry, organizations can find their path to digital transformation illuminated. With the below cloud providers, organizations can reimagine what’s possible and embark on a journey of innovation and growth in the digital realm.Amazon Web Services (AWS)Comprehensive suite of cloud services, including computing, storage, database, machine learning, and IoT.Global infrastructure with regions and availability zones for high availability and low-latency connectivity.Advanced security features include AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) and AWS Key Management Service (KMS).Scalable and flexible pricing models include pay-as-you-go, reserved, and spot instances.Microsoft AzureExtensive portfolio of cloud services, including virtual machines, databases, AI, and blockchain.Hybrid cloud capabilities for seamless integration with on-premises infrastructure.Robust security features, including Azure Active Directory (AAD) and Azure Security Center.Integrated development tools and frameworks, such as Azure DevOps and Visual Studio.Google Cloud Platform (GCP)Cutting-edge services for computing, storage, machine learning, and data analytics.Global network infrastructure with high-speed interconnectivity and edge computing capabilities.Built-in security controls, including Identity and Access Management (IAM) and GCP Security Command Center.Scalable and cost-effective solutions, with pricing options such as sustained and committed use discounts.Google Cloud Platform (GCP)Cutting-edge services for computing, storage, machine learning, and data analytics.Global network infrastructure with high-speed interconnectivity and edge computing capabilities.Built-in security controls, including Identity and Access Management (IAM) and GCP Security Command Center.Scalable and cost-effective solutions, with pricing options such as sustained and committed use discounts.IBM CloudComprehensive cloud offerings, including computing, storage, AI, and blockchain services.Enterprise-grade security features, including IBM Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM) and data encryption.AI-powered automation tools for workload optimization and resource management.Multi-cloud and hybrid cloud capabilities, enabling seamless integration with on-premises environments.Oracle CloudDiverse cloud services, including compute, storage, database, and autonomous solutions.Integrated security controls, including Oracle Identity Cloud Service and Oracle Cloud Guard.High-performance computing infrastructure for demanding workloads and data-intensive applications.Comprehensive suite of developer tools and APIs for building and deploying cloud-native applications.ConclusionOn premise to cloud migration represents a paradigm shift in how organizations manage their IT infrastructure and resources. While the transition may present challenges, the potential benefits of scalability, cost savings, and agility are too significant to ignore. By following best practices, addressing key considerations, and leveraging the expertise of cloud service providers, organizations can successfully navigate the cloud migration process and position themselves for future growth and innovation in the digital era.FAQs1. What is On-Premise to Cloud Migration?On-premise to cloud migration refers to transferring data, applications, and workloads from local servers and infrastructure to remote cloud-based platforms.2. How Does Cloud Computing Facilitate Migration Processes?Cloud computing provides the infrastructure and services necessary for seamless migration. By offering computing resources, storage, and networking capabilities on-demand, cloud platforms empower organizations to execute migration tasks efficiently and scale their operations as needed.3. What is a Data Migration Strategy in the Context of Cloud Migration?The approach and methodologies for migrating data from on-premise environments to the cloud. This strategy encompasses decisions regarding data transfer methods, such as online cloud migration or offline data transfer, as well as considerations for data integrity, security, and compliance.4. How Does Migrating Data to the Cloud Benefit Organizations?Migrating data to the cloud unlocks numerous benefits for organizations, including enhanced scalability, improved accessibility, and reduced operational costs. Organizations can unlock insights, drive innovation, and gain a competitive edge in their respective industries by centralizing data storage and leveraging cloud-based services for data processing and analytics.5. What is an Online Cloud Migration, and How Does it Differ from Traditional Migration Methods?Transferring data and applications to the cloud while they are still actively running in the on-premise environment.

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The Ultimate Guide to Cloud Deployment Models

In the intricate landscape of cloud computing, the success of any strategy is intricately tied to a pivotal decision – the selection of a deployment model. This decision, often underestimated in its impact, holds the key to optimizing performance, security, and scalability within a digital framework. Understanding the nuances of various cloud deployment models becomes paramount in navigating this critical choice effectively. In this blog, we embark on a journey to demystify the diverse cloud models, shedding light on the intricacies that empower businesses to make informed decisions and tailor their cloud strategies to meet specific needs. Let’s get started as we delve into the essential considerations that underscore the foundation of a robust and tailored cloud infrastructure. What is the Cloud Deployment Model? A cloud deployment model is fundamentally about outlining the location of your deployment infrastructure and establishing ownership and control parameters over it. It plays a pivotal role in defining the nature and purpose of the cloud. For organizations venturing into the realm of cloud services, the initial step is grasping the array of available deployment models. A comprehensive understanding of these models enables informed decisions, directing businesses towards optimal paths. Each model presents its unique set of merits and drawbacks, influencing factors like governance, scalability, security, flexibility, cost, and management. By navigating through these considerations, organizations can strategically align their objectives and select the deployment model that best suits their needs. Types of Cloud Deployment Models Cloud deployment models can be divided into five main types Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Multi-Cloud Community cloud Let’s take a look at each model in more Public Cloud Model The public cloud model stands as a widely embraced approach, wherein the cloud services provider assumes ownership of the infrastructure, making it openly accessible for public consumption. Under this model, the service provider exercises complete control over the hardware and supporting network infrastructure, taking charge of physical security, maintenance, and overall management of the data center housing the infrastructure. This places the underlying infrastructure beyond the customer’s control and physical proximity. In the public cloud environment, the service provider efficiently shares infrastructure among multiple customers while maintaining strict data segregation, implementing multiple layers of security controls to address concerns. For those requiring dedicated or isolated hardware, such options are available, typically at an additional cost. Cloud providers prioritize the fortification of physical data centers, ensuring stringent security measures and compliance with regulations that often surpass what individual customers could achieve independently. Management of the infrastructure is predominantly conducted through a web browser but can also involve manipulation via API, command line, or infrastructure-as-code tools like Terraform. Prominent players in the public cloud arena include Microsoft Azure, Amazon AWS, Google Cloud, Oracle Cloud, and Alibaba Cloud. Advantages of the Public Cloud Model Low initial capital cost (Move from Capex to Opex) High Flexibility High (almost unlimited) scalability High Reliability Low maintenance costs Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model Data security concerns for strictly regulated businesses Private Cloud Model The private cloud, in essence, represents an environment entirely owned and managed by a single tenant. Often chosen to address data security concerns associated with public cloud options, this model offers a solution for strict governance requirements and allows for greater customization. With complete control over the hardware, private clouds can achieve heightened performance levels. Typically hosted on-premises within an organization’s own facility or by procuring rackspace in a data center, this model places the responsibility of infrastructure management squarely on the customer, necessitating a skilled and expansive workforce and potentially leading to increased costs. A substantial upfront investment in hardware is also a common requirement. Advantages of the Private Cloud Model Increased security and control Dedicated hardware for enhanced performance High level of flexibility Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model High cost Elevated management overhead Multi-Cloud Model The multi-cloud deployment model entails leveraging multiple public cloud providers, such as Microsoft Azure, Amazon AWS, and Google Cloud, to enhance flexibility and fault tolerance. Introducing a private cloud into the mix further augments reliability and flexibility. Businesses often evaluate and selectively distribute workloads based on preferences for specific cloud services. For instance, Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) on Google Cloud might be favored over similar offerings like Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) or Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS). This strategic distribution allows development teams a broader array of choices, optimizing workflows and potentially reducing costs by selecting more cost-effective services. Adopting a multi-cloud approach proves beneficial for entities with critical workloads, like government agencies or financial corporations, as it enhances fault tolerance by dispersing data and infrastructure across multiple cloud platforms. The multi-cloud model is frequently integrated into disaster recovery and business continuity plans to capitalize on its advantages. However, with each cloud option introduced, complexity in management grows, demanding an upskilled staff to fully capitalize on the benefits of a multi-cloud deployment. The model’s impact on costs, whether lowering or raising, depends on the business’s objectives, making it essential to strike a balance between application requirements and budget considerations. Advantages of the Multi-Cloud Model Very high reliability Very high flexibility Disadvantages of the Multi-Cloud Model Increased management complexity Enhanced staffing skills required Hybrid Cloud Model: In the ever-evolving landscape of cloud computing, the hybrid cloud model emerges as a strategic solution, combining the best of both worlds – on-premises infrastructure and public cloud services. This flexible approach offers a seamless integration of private and public clouds, allowing businesses to tailor their IT infrastructure to specific need Advantages: Hybrid clouds provide dynamic resource adjustment, ensuring optimal performance during peak times and efficient cost management during lulls. The hybrid model allows sensitive data to stay on-premises, ensuring enhanced security and compliance while leveraging public cloud benefits. Hybrid clouds optimize expenses by using public cloud resources for non-sensitive workloads, enabling efficient budget management. Disadvantages: Integrating and managing on-premises and cloud infrastructures introduces complexity, requiring skilled IT professionals for maintenance. Transferring data between private and public clouds may encounter latency issues, necessitating efficient migration strategies for optimal performance. Community Cloud Model The Community Cloud Model, often flying under the radar and less commonly adopted, unites shared infrastructure accessed jointly by various organizations within a specific group, all of whom share specific computing requirements. Consider the education sector, where a community cloud could facilitate collaboration among scholars and students, fostering shared access to academic content and streamlining joint research efforts. Advantages of the Community Cloud Model Cost reduction through shared infrastructure Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model Reduced security Not applicable to most SMEs (Small to Medium Enterprises) Cloud Deployment Models Comparison Explore the comparison table below, detailing the various cloud deployment models discussed earlier. This resource equips you with essential insights to make an informed decision when embracing the opportunities presented by this contemporary infrastructure offering.   Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Multi-Cloud Community Cloud Owner Cloud Service Provider Single Organization Organization and Cloud Service Provider Cloud Service Provider Multiple Organizations Management Complexity Easy Professional IT team Required Professional IT team Required Medium Increased Scalability & Flexibility High Limited Improved High Moderate Security Medium Increased Varies High Medium Medium Reliability Medium High High High Medium Cost Low High Cost-effective Low Low Conclusion Comprehending the various cloud deployment models is essential for positioning your business for success. Throughout this guide, we’ve delved into the nuances of public, private, hybrid, and multi-cloud deployments, understanding how each model offers unique advantages for organizations with diverse needs. Whether you prioritize scalability, data security, or a blend of both, the right cloud deployment can drive efficiency and innovation. If your business is on the lookout for top-notch cloud-related services, Aziro (formerly MSys Technologies) is here to assist. Our experienced team can guide you in optimizing your cloud strategy, ensuring a seamless and tailored approach to meet your objectives. Connect with us today to transform and elevate your cloud models.

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Defense Against the Dark Arts of Ransomware

21st Year of the 21st Century Still struggling through the devastations of a pandemic, the year 2021 had only entered its fifth month, when one of the largest petroleum pipelines in the US reported a massive ransomware attack. The criminal hacking cost the firm more than 70 Bitcoins (a popular cryptocurrency). This year alone, major corporates across the world have had multiple such potential attacks. All this is in the wake of the US President promising to address such security breaches. Indeed, determination alone may not be enough to stand against one of the most baffling cyber threats of all times – Ransomware. As the cloud infrastructure has grown to be a necessity now more than ever, enterprises across the world are trying their best to avoid the persistent irk of Ransomware. With all its charm and gains, Cloud Storage finds itself among the favorite targets for criminal hackers. The object, block, file, and archival storages hold some of the most influential data that the world cannot afford to let fall into the wrong hands. This blog will try to understand how Ransomware works and what can be done to save our cloud storage infrastructures from malicious motives. From Risk to Ransom Names like Jigsaw, Bad Rabbit, and GoldenEye made a lot of rounds in the news the past decade. The premise is pretty basic – the hacker accesses sensitive information and then either blocks it using encryption or threatens the owner to make it public. Either way, the owner of the data finds it easier to pay a demanded ransom than to suffer the loss that the attack can cause. Different ransomware attacks have been planned in varying capacities, and a disturbing amount of them have succeeded. Cloud storage infrastructures use network maps to navigate data to and from the end interfaces. Any user with sufficient permissions can attack these network maps and gain access to even the remotest of data repositories. Post that, depending on the type of ransomware – crypto ransomware encrypts the data objects to make them unusable, while locker ransomware locks out the owner itself. The sensitivity of the data forces the owner to pay the demanded ransom, and thus bitcoins worth of finances are lost overnight. Plugging the Holes in Cloud Storage Defense While a full-proof defense against the dark arts of ransomware attackers is still being brainstormed, there are a few fortifications that can be done. Prevention is still deemed better than cure; enterprises can tighten up their cloud storage defense to save sensitive business data. Access Control Managing access can be the first line of defense for the storage infrastructure. Appropriate identity-based permissions can be set up to ensure that the storage buckets are only accessed according to their level of sensitivity. Different levels of identity groups can be built to control and monitor access. An excellent example of this is the ACL (Access Control List) and IAM (Identity Access Management) services offered by AWS S3. While the IAMs take care of the bucket level and individual access, ACL provides a control system used for managing the permissions. Access controls lower the chances of cyber attackers finding and exploiting security vulnerabilities, allowing only the most trusted end-users to access the most crucial files. The next two ways add an extra layer of security to these files in their own respective ways. Data Isolation Inaccessible data backups can prevent external attacks while assuring the data owner of quick recovery in case of unforeseen situations. This forms the working principle for Data Isolation. Secondary or even tertiary backup copies are made for potential targets are secluded from public environments using different techniques like: Firewalling LAN Switching Zero Trust security Data isolation limits that attack surface for the attacker, forcing them to target the already publically accessible data. Data isolation has been done by an organization with secluded cloud storage and even disconnected storage hardware, including tapes. The original copies enjoy the scalability and performance benefits of cloud storage, while the backups can stay secure, only coming to action in case of a mishap. In the face of a cyberattack, the communication channels to the data can be blocked to minimize the damage, while the lost data can be recovered using a secure tunnel from the isolated backup to the primary repository. Air Gaps As a technique, Air Gapping can prove to be a good adjunct to Data isolation. The basic premise is to simply eliminate any connectivity from the public network. Therefore, further strengthening the data isolation, Air Gaps severe all communication from the main network and can only be connected at the time of data loss or data theft. Traditionally, mediums like Tape and Disks were being used for this purpose, but nowadays, private clouds too are being employed. Air gapping essentially lift the drawbridge from the outside world, and now its impenetrable walls can vouch for the data to be secured from the attackers. Nowadays, storage infrastructures like all-flash arrays are being used for air gapping data backups. The benefits are multiple – huge capacity, faster data retrieval, and secure, durable storage. Air gapping essentially makes the data immutable and thus immune to any cryptic attacks. Technologies like Storage-as-a-service have also made such data protection tactics more economical for organizations. Additional layers of air gapping can be implemented by separating the access credentials for the main network from that of the air gapped storage. This would ensure that even with admin credentials, one is not very likely to alter the secluded data. Conclusion If anything, the last few months have taught us the value of prevention and isolation. Maybe, it is time to make our data publically isolated as well, until the need is “essential.” Taking advantage of the forced swell in the number of remote accesses, the cyber attackers are trying to make easy money with unethical means causing irrevocable damage to corporates across the world. It is therefore essential that we implement proper access control, isolate and air gap the critical backups and brainstorm over some full-proof protection against such attacks.

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How to configure Storage Box Services with OpenStack

OpenStack is a set of software tools for building and managing cloud computing platforms for public and private clouds.It is a cloud operating system that controls large pools of compute, storage, and networking resources throughout a datacenter, all managed through a dashboard.Accessing SAN Storage in OpenStackCinder is the OpenStack component that provides access to, and manages block storage. The cinder interface specifies a number of discrete functions such as create, delete and attach volume/drive etc.Cinder provides persistent block storage resources (volumes) to VMs. These volumes can be detached from one instance and re-attached to another.Cinder supports drivers that allow cinder volumes to be created and presented using storage solutions from vendors. Third-party storage vendors use cinder’s plug-in architecture to do the necessary integration work.Advantages:Driver helps to create LUN and extend the storage capacityDriver helps to back-up the data using backup serviceIt supports both managed/unmanaged LUNIt helps to clone and create volumes from a VM imageMinimum system requirement to configure OpenStack ControllerHardware requirements:Dual-core CPU2 GB RAM5 GB diskSupported OS:RHELCentOSFedoraUbuntuOpenSUSESUSE Linux EnterpriseNetwork:2 Network Interface card with 100 Mbps/1 Gbps speed– One network for OpenStack installation– Another network for storage to make connection with SANNote: OpenStack controller means it includes all the services such as nova, cinder, glance and neutron.SAN Storage:Need one third party storage-subsystem to configure storage with OpenStack.Essential steps to configure SAN storage with OpenStackStep 1Need to setup the following property values in OpenStack cinder configuration file (/etc/cinder/cinder.conf).i. Enable storage backend:enabled_backends = storage name // for example NetAppii. Specify volume name: – to identify particular volume in storagevolume_name_template = openstack-%siii. Add NFS storage information and backup driver: – to backup databackup_driver = cinder.backup.drivers.nfs backup_share =nfs storage IP:/nfsshareiv. Storagebox information[storagename]//For Ex: We should specify NetApp here volume_driver=storage driver volume_backend_name=storage name san_login=storage username san_password=storage password san_ip=storage ipv. Enable multipathuse_multipath_for_image_xfer = TrueNote: StorageBox information and Enable multipath has to be added at the end of configuration file.Step 2Array Vendor’s cinder driver has to be added in below location for creating the volumes in storage/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cinder/volume/drivers/Step 3Restart cinder services:systemctl restart openstack-cinder-api.service systemctl restart openstack-cinder-backup.service systemctl restart openstack-cinder-scheduler.service systemctl restart openstack-cinder-volume.serviceNote: If services are not restarted properties set won’t be effectiveTips and Tricks for trouble shootingSerial 1: Specify network IDSymptom:Error (Conflict): Multiple possible networks found, use a Network ID to be more specific. (HTTP 409) (Request-ID: req-251e6d02-5358-41f7-95a4-b58c52cbc74b). Usually this error occurs only if the given name is ambiguous. It is occurred in OpenStack liberty. Network name is specified while creating the instance. It is failing due to the name given is ambiguous.Approach to tackle the symptom:Affected version: Liberty – Instance is created using network name. Usually this error occurs only if the given name is ambiguous.Fixed version: Mitaka – Instance is created using network id.Issue got fixed in Mitaka which is next release of openstack liberty.To solve the issue, we need specify net id while creating instance.Steps:Login to OpenStack controller node using puttyList all the volume which are created in OpenStack controller node[root@mitaka-hos1~(keystone_admin)]# cinder list +--------------------------------------+-----------+------------------+------+------+--------------+----------+-------------+-------------+ |                  ID                  |   Status  | Migration Status | Name | Size | Volume Type  | Bootable | Multiattach | Attached to | +--------------------------------------+-----------+------------------+------+------+--------------+----------+-------------+-------------+ | eee3f8fc-3306-44c2-84c8-d2ab1ab4c775 | available |     success        | vol2 |  5   | array |   true   |    False    |             | +--------------------------------------+-----------+------------------+------+------+--------------+----------+-------------+-------------+ [root@mitaka-hos1 ~(keystone_admin)]#3. List available networks in OpenStack controller node.[root@mitaka-hos1 ~(keystone_admin)]# neutron net-list +--------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------+ | id                     | name    | subnets                                              | +--------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------+ | 489a3170-0ee3-4ae0-a5ef-8a766c50249f | public  | 20ae85c9-a89b-4689-9b76-1c395f842b01 172.24.4.224/28 | | ade84d1d-343c-42ee-a603-df2e84274bd4 | private | ef2e62bc-0b94-44f3-bb2c-82963c2eb705 10.0.0.0/24     | +--------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------4. Create instance using net-id and volume id.nova boot --flavor m1.tiny --boot-volume eee3f8fc-3306-44c2-84c8-d2ab1ab4c775  --availability-zone     nova:host1  inst3   --nic net-id=489a3170-0ee3-4ae0-a5ef-8a766c50249f +--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | Property                             | Value                                            | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | OS-DCF:diskConfig                    | MANUAL                                           | | OS-EXT-AZ:availability_zone             | nova                                             | ….. ….. | OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:instance_name        | instance-00000009                                | | OS-EXT-STS:task_state                | scheduling | created                              | 2016-08-31T08:39:20Z                             | | flavor                               | m1.tiny (1)                                      | | hostId                               |                                                  | | id                                   | 8d202079-a9c2-4175-b5ff-7bc0638e06f4             | | image                                | Attempt to boot from volume - no image supplied  | | key_name                             | -                                                | | metadata                             | {}                                               | | name                                 | inst3                                            | | os-extended-volumes:volumes_attached | [{"id": "eee3f8fc-3306-44c2-84c8-d2ab1ab4c775"}] | | progress                             | 0                                                | | security_groups                      | default                                          | | status                               | BUILD                                            | | tenant_id                            | 8c786c64ee8143b4b83bd1109b413ce5                 | | updated                              | 2016-08-31T08:39:21Z                             | | user_id                              | 7aa859512fa146c4ba355d3499fffa14                 | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+Bug: https://bugs.launchpad.net/python-novaclient/+bug/1569840Serial 2: Specify multipath in cinder fileSymptom:2016-07-29 04:53:29.728 2103 ERROR cinder.scheduler.manager [req-9de37842-0da5-4c05-9ce3-38b4b38aa1bf 91327080eb604f0596eec6f3191f8b76 322494d5ae904c9680b318e7231bbeff - - -] Failed to schedule_manage_existing: No valid host was found. Cannot place volume 7c1a314a-b46e-475f-8c03-823ba2ca6179 on hostApproach to tackle the symptom:To rectify this issue, need to add below line at end of the cinder.conf.use_multipath_for_image_xfer = TrueSerial 3: Specify pool name in cinder fileSymptom:016-07-20 08:27:44.268 718 ERROR oslo_messaging.rpc.dispatcher     response = self._execute_create_vol(volume, pool_name, reserve) 2016-07-20 08:27:44.268 718 ERROR oslo_messaging.rpc.dispatcher   File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cinder/volume/drivers/xxx.py", line 533, in inner_connection_checker 2016-07-20 08:27:44.268 718 ERROR oslo_messaging.rpc.dispatcher     return func(self, *args, **kwargs) 2016-07-20 08:27:44.268 718 ERROR oslo_messaging.rpc.dispatcher   File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cinder/volume/drivers/xxx.py", line 522, in inner_response_checker 2016-07-20 08:27:44.268 718 ERROR oslo_messaging.rpc.dispatcher     raise xxxAPIException(msg) 2016-07-20 08:27:44.268 718 ERROR oslo_messaging.rpc.dispatcher xxxAPIException: API _execute_create_vol failed with error string SM-err-pool-not-found 2016-07-20 08:27:44.268 718 ERROR oslo_messaging.rpc.dispatcher Approach to tackle the symptom:Need to specify pool name in end of the cinder.config.ventor_pool_name= pool nameSerial 4: Specify OpenStack controller IPSymptom:Unable to connect to OpenStack instance console using VNC using OpenStack HorizonError Message: Failed to connect to server (code 1006)Environment: OpenStack RDO Juno, CentOS7Approach to tackle the symptom:You need to update vncserver_proxyclient_address with the OpenStack controller IP address OR novavncproxy_base_url IP address in the nova.conf(/etc/nova/nova.conf)vncserver_proxyclient_address=openstack controller IP addressthen restart you compute service/etc/init.d/openstack-nova-compute restartSerial 5: Specify nfs driver in cinder configSymptom:[root@hiqa-rhel1 ~(keystone_admin)]# cat /var/log/cinder/backup.log | grep unsupport 2017-02-10 04:21:17.143 22496 DEBUG cinder.service [req-5210ae1c-ae31-41e5-b927-9102c776e941 - - - - -] enable_unsupported_driver : False wait /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cinder/service.py:611 2017-02-10 04:21:17.222 22496 DEBUG oslo_service.service [req-5210ae1c-ae31-41e5-b927-9102c776e941 - - - - -] enable_unsupported_driver      = False log_opt_values /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslo_config/cfg.py:2622 2017-02-10 04:34:43.918 27333 DEBUG cinder.service [req-95201c9a-8766-4589-b4be-3d076890fc54 - - - - -] enable_unsupported_driver : False wait /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cinder/service.py:611 2017-02-10 04:34:43.977 27333 DEBUG oslo_service.service [req-95201c9a-8766-4589-b4be-3d076890fc54 - - - - -] enable_unsupported_driver      = False log_opt_values /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslo_config/cfg.py:2622 2017-02-11 22:17:41.654 17423 DEBUG cinder.service [req-9b064618-21cd-4400-a428-70b909c3d141 - - - - -] enable_unsupported_driver : False wait /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cinder/service.py:611 2017-02-11 22:17:41.709 17423 DEBUG oslo_service.service [req-9b064618-21cd-4400-a428-70b909c3d141 - - - - -] enable_unsupported_driver      = False log_opt_values /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslo_config/cfg.py:2622 [root@hiqa-rhel1 ~(keystone_admin)]# Approach to tackle the symptom:To rectify this issue, need to specify nfs driver in the cinder.conf file:backup_driver = cinder.backup.drivers.nfsSerial 6: Grant permission to backup volume in nfs serverSymptom:OSError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: '/var/lib/cinder/backup_mount/f Approach to tackle the symptom:chown cinder:cinder -R /var/lib/cinder/backup_mount/

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